Understanding Radiation Therapy: Types and Side Effects

Radiation therapy is one of the most widely used treatments for cancer. In fact, more than half of people diagnosed with cancer will receive radiation as part of their care plan. It is a trusted method that uses focused energy to destroy cancer cells, shrink tumors and improve quality of life.

Learning about radiation therapy can feel overwhelming at first. This guide is designed to help you understand what radiation is, how it works, the different types of treatments available, possible side effects and how you can prepare. With this knowledge you will be better equipped to talk with your care team and make decisions about your treatment.

What is Radiation Therapy?

Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, uses high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation to damage or destroy cancer cells. It is a localized treatment, meaning it focuses on the specific area of your body where cancer is located rather than affecting your whole body.

Radiation may be used on its own or in combination with other therapies such as chemotherapy, surgery or immunotherapy. Sometimes it is given before surgery to shrink a tumor which can make removal easier. Other times it is used after surgery to target any cancer cells that may remain. Radiation can also be part of palliative care where the goal is to relieve symptoms and improve comfort.

How Does Radiation Therapy Work?

Cancer cells grow and divide more quickly than most healthy cells. Radiation works by damaging the DNA inside cancer cells. When this happens, the cells can no longer grow and multiply. Over time the damaged cells die, and the body naturally eliminates them.

Healthy cells may also be affected by radiation, but they are generally better at repairing themselves. Thanks to advances in technology, modern radiation therapy is highly precise. Oncologists use imaging tools and computer software to guide radiation beams, allowing them to target cancer cells while protecting as much healthy tissue as possible.

Types of Radiation Therapy

There are two main categories of radiation therapy: external beam radiation and internal radiation therapy. Your oncologist will decide which is best based on the type of cancer you have, its location and your overall health.

External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT):

3D Conformal Radiation Therapy: Uses CT scans and special software to build a 3D image of the tumor. The radiation beams are shaped to match the tumor which helps protect surrounding tissues.
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): Delivers radiation from multiple angles and adjusts the strength of each beam. This allows higher doses to reach the tumor while lowering the dose to nearby healthy cells.
Arc-Based Radiation: A form of IMRT where the radiation machine moves in a circular motion around the patient. This technique shortens treatment time while still delivering precise doses.
Image-Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT): Takes images before each treatment session. These images help ensure the patient is in the correct position and that the radiation is focused exactly where it is needed.

Internal Radiation Therapy:

Brachytherapy: Places small radioactive seeds or devices directly inside or next to the tumor. The implants release radiation over time, targeting cancer from within. Some implants stay in place for only a short period while others are left permanently.
Systemic Therapy: Involves radioactive medicine that travels through the bloodstream. It can be taken by mouth or given through an IV. This method helps find and destroy cancer cells throughout the body including those that may have spread from the original site.

Side Effects of Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy can be very effective, but it may also cause side effects. Some side effects happen during or shortly after treatment while others may appear later. Every person responds differently so your care team will talk with you about what to expect.

Risks of Radiation Therapy

Fatigue that may build up over time
Nausea or vomiting
Reduced appetite and possible weight loss
Irritation or sensitivity of the skin in the treated area
Hair loss in the area receiving radiation
Mouth sores or sore throat if the head or neck is treated
Digestive issues such as diarrhea if the abdomen is treated
Rare but possible long-term effects including the return of cancer or the development of another type of cancer later in life

Benefits of Radiation Therapy

Proven effectiveness in shrinking tumors and destroying cancer cells
Relief of pain and other symptoms especially for advanced cancers
Precision targeting that spares healthy tissue
Can be combined with surgery, chemotherapy or other treatments for better results
Flexible treatment plans that are typically outpatient and non-invasive

How to Prepare for Radiation Therapy

Preparing for radiation starts with a consultation with a radiation oncologist. Your doctor will review your medical history, order imaging tests and design a treatment plan specific to your cancer. During this planning stage you may be asked to attend a simulation appointment where your care team determines the best way to position you for treatment.

You can also prepare at home by supporting your health. Staying well hydrated, eating a balanced diet with lean protein and getting enough rest will help your body cope with treatment. Some people experience skin sensitivity so your care team may give you special skincare instructions. Others may notice changes in appetite and a dietitian can recommend meals that provide the energy and nutrients you need. Planning ahead for these changes can make your experience smoother.

Comprehensive Radiation Therapy at Wood County Hospital

Radiation therapy is a powerful tool in the fight against cancer. Understanding how it works and what to expect can help you feel more prepared and confident. At Wood County Hospital we provide advanced radiation technology in a supportive and compassionate environment. Our team of specialists, including a nurse navigator, will guide you every step of the way, focusing not only on treating your cancer but also on caring for your overall well-being.

If you or a loved one is considering radiation therapy, contact Wood County Hospital to learn more about the options available to you.